![]() This notion of oscillation between isomers was hugely important, but despite its utility Kekulé never succeeded in accurately predicting the “true” structure of benzene. Recognizing as much, in 1872 Kekulé posited that, in actuality, benzene “oscillates” between the various isomers, and that all isomers may in fact be regarded as “correct.” But even these breakthroughs were not enough to explain the “correct” model of benzene. ![]() Shortly after Kekulé published his basic benzene structure, multiple isomers – or alternative structures – of the same compound were predicted and even isolated by Kekulé. Partly because of this, Pauling would later lament that, “the Kekulé structure for benzene is unsatisfactory.” Though intriguing, this basic structure did not explain where, on the interior carbon ring, double bonds were located. Kekulé’s model put forth a structure consisting of six carbon atoms forming a ring, with hydrogen atoms attached externally to each carbon. Kekulé (1829-1896), a German chemist, notably devised a proposed structure for benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon of interest to many. Pauling’s ideas on resonance were grounded in the work of several other scientists but most notably August Kekulé and Werner Heisenberg, both of whom were also interested in the structure of molecules. The disputes surrounding the theory were ultimately short-lived though, and Pauling’s ideas on resonance continue to inform today’s understanding of molecular architecture. Specifically, it was initially not widely accepted within the scientific community in the United States and, in a very different way, abroad in the Soviet Union. ![]() The theory would also help to usher in an onslaught of new approaches to organic chemistry and the nature of the chemical bond, lifting, in Pauling’s words, “the veil of mystery which had shrouded the bond during the decades since its existence was first assumed.” It was, in short, one of the most adaptive and applicable postulates ever put forth by Pauling.īut the theory of resonance was not immune to controversy. In so doing, the theory provided a hugely important framework for understanding observed atomic behaviors that did not correlate with then-known mathematical explanations or models of the atom. ![]() Linus Pauling’s resonance theory helped to unify the classical roots of organic chemistry with the new field of quantum physics. Freeman Warren Weaver William Lawrence Bragg x-ray crystallography xml Linus Pauling Legacy Award Matthias Rath Max Perutz Mina Carson Nobel Chemistry Prize Nobel Peace Prize nuclear weapons testing Oregon Oregon Agricultural College Oregon State University orthomolecular medicine orthomolecular psychiatry oxypolygelatin Paul Emmett Pauline Pauling Pauling Catalogue peace activism Peter Pauling Portland quantum mechanics radioactive fallout Resident Scholar Program resonance theory Robert Corey Robert Paradowski Rockefeller Foundation Roderick MacKinnon Roger Hayward schizophrenia Senate Internal Security Subcommittee sickle cell anemia Soviet Union Steve Lawson structural chemistry Thomas Addis Thomas Dodd Thomas Hager United Nations Bomb Test Petition Vietnam War vitamin C W. Kennedy Linus Pauling Linus Pauling Institute Linus Pauling Jr. Noyes American Chemical Society anniversary antibodies antigens Ascorbic Acid Ava Helen Pauling Belle Pauling birthday California Institute of Technology cancer Condon Crellin Pauling digitized video Edward Teller Emile Zuckerkandl Ewan Cameron featured document Francis Crick Guggenheim Fellowship heart disease hemoglobin Henry Allen Moe Herman Pauling Irwin Stone James Watson John F. Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors and Medals (21). ![]()
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